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Comments on the Research Journal

Hi everyone. One last comment on the research journal: one part of this journal was to connect the research to the book (Please look at the handout I gave you). I don't know if many of you did that. If you have not completed this portion of the assignment, please post a comment on your own entry to create this as an addendum. I will grade this assignment when the others are due so you have until them to add this addendum. Please feel free to comment on each other's posts and ask questions, etc.

Ms. Peifer

Sikh Wars by Croix

The story begins in 1839 in the beautiful court if Lahore in India. It all started when Ranjit Singh died of a stroke during the warm, summer of 1839. When he died, the death of the great Sikh state quickly proceeded. The whole administration and court system was in chaos. Rather, Singh's army, the Khalsa army came into power and became the new law. The elected representatives managed the army but the army officers didn't like this system. The Punjabi officers were given the position of mere drill sergeants, which was way less of a powerful position than their old ones. Therefore, they went back to their homelands in Europe and America. Soon the army grew to be three times its original size but it lacked discipline and direction. Unfortunately civil war was lurking in the background because the majority of the solders were unpaid and starving. Successors to the throne were continuously murdered, finally leaving Singh's six-year- old son, Maharaja Dalip Singh to rule.
The Maharini's council consisted of Gulab Singh and two of the Brahmin generals of the Sikh army, and they planned to make negotiations with the British as they saw their state slowly deteriorating. The first Anglo-Sikh war took place on February 10, 1846 in Mudki. The Sikhs were defeated at Mudki because although they were initially gaining ground, their commanders held the reinforcements back. The betrayal of their commanders did not stop there. Loads of sand and grain were sent instead of gunpowder, leaving them at loss for weapons.
Many more battles were to come. The subsequent battle at Frozshah was a win for the Sikhs. They had killed 2,331 British troops by the first half of the day. The following battles didn't have such a positive outcome for the Sikh warriors. The Sikhs were beaten at Aliwal, Buddowal and at Sabraon. The Sikh generals kept withholding generals and eventually lead the British to victory. Finally, a treaty of surrender was signed on March 11,1846. By then, the British had taken over almost half of the Sikh kingdom. The British handsomely rewarded the unfaithful generals.
After all of this fighting, there was still more fighting to come. By now the British had taken over most of the Sikh kingdom and the Punjab lands. There arose a rebellion in a small Punjab province now know as the "Sikh rebellion." The British used this occurrence for their reason to annex the Punjab lands for the benefit of the British Empire. The first major battle after the rebellion was fought at Chillianwala on January 13,1849. Surprisingly, the British suffered from this battle. Although this was a win for the Sikhs, their future battles didn't look as victorious. The battles at Gujrat and Ramnugger were lost to the British and eventually on March 10, 1849 the Sikh army was defeated and accepted this defeat. Although the British had won, the Sikhs put up an incredible fight.

Bibliography

See B . .J. Hasrat. Anglo-Sikh Relations. 1799-1849 (1968).

"Sikh Wars." The Columbia Encyclopedia. Columbia University Prcss. Sixth Edition 2007.

"The Anglo Sikh Wars:' Search Sikhism. 2004. October 19,2007. .

William Murray by Kao

William Murray was born on March 2, 1705 in a town in the former Scottish county of Perthshire. In 1742, he took the position of solicitor general for fourteen years and at the same time was a member of the House of Common Boroughbridge. In 1745 he was appointed attorney general and also became the leader of the House of Commons.
He concentrated his efforts and spends most of his time on law rather than politics. As a member of the Troy government, Murray was a strong supporter of moderation in his nation's foreign and domestic policies. His use his learning and understanding of law as the basis for his political beliefs. Using law as an approach to politics get him caught in numerous confrontations. One of them was with "Junius" or Sir Phillip Francis on the issues of political libel.
Even through these oppositions from other people, he was respected for his fairness, modesty and vast leanings. "A rationalist, he reduced costly delays in the legal system, renovated outdated property laws used by courts in the medieval times, and protected the right to freedom of conscience for Catholics" and other relating groups of the Church of England.
His major contributions to England were his development and creation of regulations for the British commercial law. Before the establishment of his rules, English common law was the only regulation that they used. When cases were brought to court regarding trades and other commercial matters, juries relied on their wits. Murray came along and developed clear and specific guidelines for courts to follow. He also established basic principles in governing business which brought English law into step with international countries.
Murray tried to contribute the same idea of guidelines in other English law but was often opposed by many people "who argued for more libel approaches to libel, warrants, and the roles of juries". Some thought that Murray's effort to changing the English law was corrupting the traditions of the legal system.
Overall, Murray developed rules that created equity in the British system of business, bills of exchange, promissory notes and bank check. This eventually became the foundation of British commercial law.

"William Murray." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 21 Oct. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-murray

Johann Scheuchzer by Maggie

Johann Scheuchzer (1672-1733), a native of Switzerland, was a physician and math teacher. He was also one of the first people to explore fossils and where they come from.
Scheuchzer supported scientist John Woodward's idea that Fossils originated from the Great Flood. He made Woodward's theory well known by translating one of Woodward's essays into Latin. Johann also researched fossils and came to the conclusion that the Flood had changed the Earth's crust into a gel like material. This then hardened and trapped fish and other organisms.
Scheuchzer was also an important leader of the diluvialism movement. Supporters of this movement received the Bible as a factual book and claimed that human fossils were from lives lost during the Flood.
Overall Scheuchzer was well received by the general public even though some of his discoveries were controversial and later found to be incorrect. In 1811, Georges Cuvier concluded that what Scheuchzer once thought was a human skeleton, was actually the skeleton of a huge salamander. Although Scheuchzer was wrong, he was still very much respected for his innovative ideas, and Cuvier named the fossil "Andrias scheuchzeri" to honor Scheuchzer.
Johann Scheuchzer had a huge impact on discoveries made today. Although he wasn't accurate in all of his conclusions, he was a pioneer in fossil research and the correlation between fossils and living organisms.

Works Cited

Cohn, Norman. "Noah's Flood the Genesis Story in Western Thought." 21 Oct. 2007
BIfXuOC&pg=P A87 &lpg=P A87 &dq=johann+scheuchzer&source=web&ots=veT UyHUWS5&sig=5iedInjVODfQ8qNKI FYk2r4izTs#PP A90,MI>.

"Diluvialism." Answers.Com. 2007. 21 Oct. 2007 .

Waggoner, Ben. "Medieval and Renaissance Concepts of Evolution and Paleontology."
UC Berkeley. 21 Oct. 2007 .

William Maclure by Marit

William Maclure was a Scottish geologist with a fascination for the geology of the United States. He lived from 1763 to 1840 and at that time the only widely used geological map of the United States was one of just the Eastern United States. Maclure's goal was to make a color, geological map of the entire country. This is what gave Maclure the title "father of American geology".
Geology was not regarded as a science at this time so Maclure didn't get much respect for his research and work until the full map was published in 1809. It is rumored that Maclure crossed the Appalachian Mountains 5000 times while constructing the map, There were other maps of the United States but none of them were as widely available as Maclure's, After presenting his findings, Maclure and the science ofGeofogy gained a huge amount of respect from other scientists. He eventually became President of The Academy of Natural Sciences. Maclure also published a book along with the map titled "Observations on the Geology of the United States", which is regarded as a symbol of the beginning of American geology. Maclure used the Wernerian system for constructing his maps and he is widely criticized for it. Maclure used only four colors on his map which represent four classes of rock. This put many limitations on what was included and wasn't included in the map, for example no voleanic rocks were included and he paid little attention to fossils. Even with the criticism, Maclure's map was so widely used because it was the only one of its kind.
Maclure is known as the "father of American geology" bccause he was the first to bring geology into the public eye, not because he had groundbreaking discoveries. His ideas were tcn ycars behind Europe's concepts, but still they were the only ideas in the United States so he was very famous in the scientific world. ?vlaclure also studied the geological layout and madc maps of India, France and Spain in his lifetime.
Besides geology, Maclure also had a passion for education. He unsuccessfully attempted to create an agricultural school in Spain. He also partnered up with scientist Robert Owen and created thc utopian community of New Harmony, Indiana. As leaders of the community they focused on education and society reform. The project seemed like a good idea in rctrospect but it only lastcd for two years.

Works Cited:

Abel'. James S .. "William MacIure." Historv of Geologv -- MacIure. 2007.18 Oct 2007 .

Wilson, James Grant. "William MacIure." Virtual American Biographies. 2001.

Viliualoiogy. 18 Oct 2007 .

Charles-Alexandre Lesueur by Nora

In the year 1804, a pair of ships filled with weary French seamen sailed into their home port after a grueling trip. One of the men was Charles-Alexandre Lesueur, who would later go on to become renowned for his writings and sketches depicting aquatic life (works which earned him a mention in Servants of the Map). During the voyage, the men had observed the wildlife of Australia and Tasmania and attempted to chart those countries' coasts. The mission had spanned three and a half years and had been plagued by bad luck: arguments between crew members led to some of the sailors abandoning the mission. Others of the crew succumbed to stress and exertion, and the plan to map the coastlines was ultimately a failure. To top off these sailors' misfortunes, much of the French population was so concerned about the events of the Napoleonic Wars that the return of the expedition went relatively unnoticed. However, it would soon be discovered that the ships had brought back with them a great deal of valuable information.
Charles-Alexandre Lesueur, a young man of twenty-two, was an artist who had originally joined the crew as an assistant gunner, all the artists' posts having been taken. As deaths and dissent diminished the crew, though, Lesueur eventually ascended to the position he wanted. With the assistance of a naturalist named Francois Peron, Lesueur collected about 100,000 animal specimens, both living and dead. Using these specimens and his observations of animals in the wild, he created approximately 1,500 detailed sketches. These sketches were extremely valuable to Europeans because, at the time, no other such sketches existed. Europeans had heard descriptions of the kinds of animals that lived "Down Under," but these descriptions were sparse and often flawed. The specimens Lesueur captured allowed the people of Europe to see and understand what the animals of Australia and Tasmania really looked like, while his sketches (which he later reproduced in watercolor on vellum) allowed images of the animals to be put on record and to be distributed to those who did not have access to the specimens themselves. The expedition that had previously been discounted was now seen as a source of useful and interesting information.
Lesueur spent the next few years conducting research, together with Peron, on various sea animals-mollusks, jellyfish, and the like- that lived in the waters around France, and then writing papers on their findings. His next very significant endeavor was a trip to the United States in the company of eminent naturalist William Maclure. They and their companions traveled to the city of Philadelphia, where they remained for several years, and then to Mt. Vernon in Indiana and to New Orleans. During this trip, Lesueur conducted the studies for which he is perhaps best known: those of freshwater fish in North America. He performed some of the first ichthyological surveys of the Great Lakes and produced a great number of papers and sketches on fish and other underwater life. During this period, he also did some work that was not scientific in nature. He painted some portraits of people and was commissioned to paint a theatre curtain.
After his work in America, Lesueur returned to his native France. There, he spent a year as the curator of the Museum of Natural History in Havre and gave art lessons to aspiring sketchers. He also continued his studies of aquatic animals, branching out into research on tortoises and snakes as well.
After the initial period just after the return from his first expedition, when his work remained undiscovered, the scientific community welcomed and valued Lesueur's sketches and writings. Both are detailed, clear, and concise, making them easy to interpret and of great value to the researchers following in his footsteps. Although he is not well known by the general population, Charles-Alexandre Lesueur's efforts had a great influence on naturalists and continue to do so today.
Fuller, Errol. “Voyage of a Painter — Charles-Alexandre Lesueur.” Natural History April 1998.
Lesueur appears in the story "Two Rivers" as a minor character to whom Caleb is introduced at a party. When Lesueur learns that Caleb's father was the author of a book connecting fossils with the biblical flood braved by Noah, he is scornful of Caleb. This embarrasses Caleb greatly and shows how strong an impact his father's actions often have on Caleb's life


Kimberling, Clark. “Charles-Alexandre Lesueur.” Clark Kimberling. University of Evansville. 19 October 2007.